Researchers are comparing the intelligence levels of incoming freshmen and graduating seniors. Assuming that there is not a systematic difference in intelligence levels between the two groups and researchers reject the null hypothesis, they have committed:

Martin, a 32-year-old human relations administrator at a university, believes that all professors over age 50 are incapable of learning the new educational technologies and are content to keep presenting their same "tired, boring" lectures. he often expresses these views to other administrators and does not encourage any of the "older" faculty members to attend professional development meetings related to new teaching approaches nor does he suggest that the university send them to any of the technology conferences. martin is exhibiting

Abrief, "first-step" presentation of a work to be completed is called a

Humans are the only animals capable of communication