1. Commuters who have more than one passenger in the car are permitted to drive in a special lane on some highways while all the other motorists have to contend with stop-and-go traffic. Does this have anything to do with ethics? If so, then assess this situation using each of the following ethical theories: utilitarianism (ignores motivations; looks at consequences), deontology (considers duty, responsibilities; ethics based on the motivation of the decision-maker), justice, fairness, and virtue ethics.

Answer with Explanation:

Ethical norms exist in each society and each action is judged on these basis. This helps the person to make better decisions in a particular situations. Following is the study of permitting car to use special lane status as ethical or unethical under different theories:

If we talk about Utilitarianism then the action will be ethically justified if it is good for greater public. In the current situation, as the act is not good for the greater public hence it is ethically incorrect.

If we talk about de-ontology which says that the action is ethically correct if the result is acceptable and vice versa. In the current situation, the use of special lane by some commuters must be encouraged in every society because it sets a tone to value the needs of society and donating our resources for the society hence the result is that it helps the commuters to keep flowing and not letting motorist block the traffic which is helpful in managing the traffic. This means the result is good and hence the action is ethically correct.

Justice theory says that the moral and social values must be taken into account while taking action. So it means that the motorists pooling is ethically justified as they are valuing comfort of commuters by sacrificing their comfort. Hence the social and moral values makes it acceptable.

Fairness and Virtue says that every person must be treated on the standards of equality which means that none of them are preferred and are above law and order which means the action of giving priority to commuters is ethically incorrect because it is unfair to the motorists as both of these are not lacking anything (e.g, disability, etc) which gives them priority and encourages acceptance in society to prosper.

answer; criterion validity

answer; the above statement is (true);