During the late Medieval period, many city-states in Italy became very wealthy. They were able to accomplish this because they A. specialized in a product that many people wanted. B. taxed foreign goods sold in their areas. C. refused to allow other merchants to trade in their areas. D. controlled the roads used to ship goods.

During the late Middle Ages, Northern and Central Italy became far more prosperous than the south of Italy, with the city-states, such as Venice and Genoa, among the wealthiest in Europe. The Crusades had built lasting trade links to the Levant, and the Fourth Crusade had done much to destroy the Byzantine Roman Empire as a commercial rival to the Venetians and Genoese.

The main trade routes from the east passed through the Byzantine Empire or the Arab lands and onwards to the ports of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks, were imported to Italy and then resold throughout Europe. Moreover, the inland city-states profited from the rich agricultural land of the Po valley.

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how many characteristics are used to describe living things?

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