John and Patricia receive a summons to a delinquency case in which their daughter Keira is being charged with vandalism. Which of the following MUST have happened before John and Patricia received their summons? A.
Keira was placed on probation
B.
a judge’s disposition
C.
the filing of a petition of complaint
D.
Keira was given a formal indictment by a grand jury

For each of the following, mark whether it is a possible confounder (a factor that mixes up the results, making it look like candy is to blame when it's a causal (or causation) link which supports the argument that candy causes criminal behavior (ie, explains how candy leads to criminality ), or neither (an irrelevant factor, something that may cause people to become criminals but has nothing to do with eating candy). choose your answers based only< on the information given. additives in candy- additives found in candy may adversely affect brain development of young children in ways that could contribute towards adult aggression. impulsive personality-- kids who are highly impulsive and have trouble delaying gratification are more likely to eat candy every day as children and more likely to disobey laws as adults. violent abuse-- children who suffer violent abuse are more likely to become violent adults and commit violent crimes. gender- boys are overwhelmingly more likely to commit violent crimes

Give an example of a situation in which an individual's pursuit of economic self-interest may not benefit but instead harm the rest of society

Are people more motivated to change from positive or negative experiences, like slavery, womens rights, and any other historical movements/moments? i need more factual information than opinions.