What are the functions and responsibilities of House and Senate standing committees?

Standing committees are permanent panels identified as such in chamber rules (House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV). Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by their respective chambers.

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In Congress, standing committees are permanent committees established under the rules of the House or Senate for the purpose of considering legislation in various subject specialties. Standing committees thoroughly review legislation submitted by legislators and vote on changes to bills. These legislative bodies review research, hold expert hearings and examine material evidence regarding legislation. Bills that pass standing committees go to the full chamber for consideration.

The Senate has 16 standing committees, as of September 2014. They are agriculture, nutrition, and forestry; appropriations, which holds the federal purse strings and is, therefore, one of the most powerful Senate committees; armed services; banking, housing, and urban affairs; budget; commerce, science, and transportation; energy and natural resources; environment and public works; finance; foreign relations; health, education, labor, and pensions; homeland security and governmental affairs; judiciary; rules and administration; small business and entrepreneurship; and  veterans affairs.

The House contains 20 standing committees, as of September 2014, and each one functions similarly to standing committees in the Senate. They are: agriculture, appropriations, armed services, budget, education and labor, foreign affairs, homeland security, energy and commerce, Judiciary, natural resources, science and technology, small business,  and veterans affairs.

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