When the king learns of the treason of the Thane of Cawdor, he a. Orders him killed b. Realizes all is lost c. Weeps bitter tears

The answer to that would be prussia which would later be germany

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.