How did the ottoman and safavid empires influence or contribute to trade in 1450-1700

By defeating Constantinople

Explanation:

Before 1453, the trade route toward the European market was controlled by the Constantinople. Difference in major religion between the middle east empires and Constantinople often caused unnecessary conflicts, which is why trade never been really flourished between the two regions.

After Ottoman and Safavid defeated the Constantinople, It is much easier for traders from Middle East empires to pass through European trades route.

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations. social control. not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment.

answer; /// i believe the correct answer is (b) disposition