Which type of IRB review does not require an IRB approval but does require a determination by an individual designated with that task (such as an IRB member or experienced staff person)

Greg goes to a high school and observes the way students talk to each other. he makes notes on the words used, the atmosphere of the school and the way the students present themselves to each other. this is an example of a( research method.

Globalization and technology developments have led to what some individuals have described as "flat world." what is the significance of the flat world concept? what is the impact of the flat world on supply chain requirements and strategies?

Why has there been an increase in the older population within our prisons?