Avoiding research bias is important for developing objective, reliable health-related information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias: A. An organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk per day promotes weight loss. -A university research team is studying whether individuals who eat chicken that has been injected with a salt-water solution before packaging have higher blood pressure levels than people who eat chicken that has not been injected with the salt-water solution. Before conducting their study, the researchers did not seek funding from the poultry farmers’ association.
B. A soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administrators in those schools.
C. A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds a study that indicated the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin C on a daily basis.
D. A psychologist who is a consultant for an organization that promotes plant-based diets conducts a study that finds people who eat meat are just as likely to be depressed as people who do not eat meat. An article that describes her study and its findings is published in the peer-reviewed The Journal of Nutrition. At the end of the article, the psychologist discloses her ties to several organizations, including the one promoting plant-based diets.
E. A physician who focuses on child health concerns (a pediatrician) is opposed to administering vitamin D supplements to breastfed babies. This physician thinks the vitamin contributes to excess weight gain among infants. According to this doctor, his records indicate that breastfed babies who received the vitamin D supplement are 2 pounds heavier than breastfed babies who are the same age but did not receive the supplement.

When "systematic error introduced into testing or sampling by encouraging or selecting one outcome over others," bias arises in research. Bias can arise at any point during the research process, including study design and data collecting, as well as publication and data analysis.

Options A, B, and C are the correct answers that indicate research bias;

The other options D and E have a proper validation of facts and projection of true facts to both the researchers and public with high professional consent in declaring that their product is been reviewed. So, they are incorrect answers as they do not indicate research bias.

Therefore, options, A, B, and C results in the research bias.

For more information regarding research bias, refer to the link:

link

C. A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds a study that indicated the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin C on a daily basis.

A. An organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk per day promotes weight loss. -A university research team is studying whether individuals who eat chicken that has been injected with a salt-water solution before packaging have higher blood pressure levels than people who eat chicken that has not been injected with the salt-water solution. Before conducting their study, the researchers did not seek funding from the poultry farmers’ association.

B. A soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administrators in those schools.

Explanation:

The three options selected above have bias in the research. This type of bias is generated by distortion in the research investigation process. This distortion can be seen through problems in the design, in the manipulation of variables and even in data collection. These biases present crude, inaccurate results that promote incorrect interpretations.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.

answer; the above statement is (true);