Underemployment is often the result of seasonal labor markets. This is a common problem in rural areas, where labor demands are cyclical. Which is the MOST likely reason for this in urban areas? Underemployment is not as big an issue in urban areas.

The productivity in cities often is based on cycles in rural locations.

There are seasons where it is too hot or too cold for those in slums to work.

Production in developing nations is tied to seasonal consumer buying habits.