Professor Gilmore is lecturing about the physical or physiological characteristics of maleness or femaleness in humans. Professor Gilmore is lecturing about?

- "ethical issues. deception – the participants actually believed they were shocking a real person and were unaware the learner was a confederate of milgram's. however, milgram argued that “illusion is used when necessary in order to set the stage for the revelation of certain difficult-to-get-at-truths.” "

- "milgram's work was conducted in the early 1960s before the current.the studies ignited a debate about the ethical treatment of participants. what appear to be dangerous, if not deadly, electric shocks and the by today's ethical standards, many questions about the research have gone unanswered."

answer; did not understand that the act was wrong because she/he was suffering from a mental illness;

answer; rational if melanie values sleep more highly than the benefits she expects to receive from attending the class;