To many freed men and women, __ essentially reestablished slavery by another name. 1. poll taxes
2. slave codes
3. black codes
4. literacy tests

Black codes

Explanation:

Southern states enacted black codes after the Civil War to prevent African Americans from achieving political and economic autonomy.

the secretary of state, appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the senate, is the president's chief foreign affairs adviser. the secretary carries out the president's foreign policies through the state department and the foreign service of the united states.

answer; participant observation method;