As explained in details in chapter 14, in order for an invention to take off and engender progress, certain social and cultural conditions need to be met. Based on your close reading of the chapter, explain how Ottoman society in the 18th and 19th centuries lack these social preconditions of industrialization? Please help. The chapter isn't helping me much at all

Which two words in this excerpt from the count of monte cristo can be used as synonyms to determine the meaning of the word grotto? dantès entered the second grotto. the second grotto was lower and more gloomy than the first; the air that could only enter by the newly formed opening had the mephitic smell dantès was surprised not to find in the outer cavern. he waited in order to allow pure air to displace the foul atmosphere, and then went on.