B. Explain the similarity in the facts between Brown V. Board of Education and Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle that led to similar holdings in both cases.​

on grounds of 'Equal Protection' laws of the 14th Amendment.

Explanation:

Both Brown V. Board of Education and parents involved in Community Schools v. Seattle presented their case on grounds of 'Equal Protection' laws of the 14th Amendment.

In Brown V. Board of Education, the court ruled that 'separate but equal' was an unconstitutional provision and that the practice of segregation was 'inherently unequal'. It further ruled out that these unequal provisions violated the equal protection laws.

Similarly, the parents involved in Community Schools v. Seattle claimed and argued that racial tiebreaker in district schools subjugated and infringed 'Equal Protection' laws of the 14th Amendment.

Though the initial plan of the racial tiebreaker system was to prevent racial imbalance in schools, the court adjudged that the system was unconstitutional because it, more or less, contributed to unequal opportunity in getting admissions.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most seniority. in the south carolina senate, the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most committee seniority.