1. what justifications did american revolutionaries have for declaring independence from great britain?

2. how did john locke’s concept of a social contract play a role in the fight for independence?

The justification was based around the facts that the King of Britain was used to involving the colonies in his own wars and imposing laws without having representatives from the colonies in the British Parliament. John Locke's social contract was important because people believed that they should have what he defined as unalienable rights and that they should have consent of the governed.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.