The change of attitude among participants in festinger and carlsmith's (1959 classic peg-turning study of cognitive dissonance is best attributed to:

can you give a picture of the map, i'll be able to update my answer!

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.