Kyle wants to encourage himself to start exercising. he establishes a plan to give his friend melanie $500 and have her give him $10 every time he exercises.

which step in the self-modification program is kyle demonstrating?

1. specifying which target behavior to change
2. gathering data about target behavior
3. designing a program to increase desired behavior
4. evaluating the effectiveness of the program

The correct answer is 3.

The self modification program is a manner of learning by the application of conditioning.

In this case, the plan made by Kyle corresponds to step number 3 which comprises the designment of a program to increase the desired behaviour. In this case, the program consists on granting a reward each time that the desired action is performed.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.