Why, exactly, do experiments enable cause-and-effect conclusions?

The impact of science and technology on international relations

According to ohrp, a problem is an “unanticipated problem” when it meets which of the following criteria: unexpected, related or possibly related to the research, suggests that the research does not put the subjects or others at greater riskunexpected, related or possible related to the research, suggests the research puts subjects or others at greater riskunexpected, unrelated to the research but still occurring with a subject, suggests the research puts others at greater riskexpected, related or possible related to the research, suggests the research puts others at greater risk

Aresearcher conducts a focus group to learn about attitudes towards hygiene and disease prevention. two weeks after the focus group, the researcher learns one of the subjects had a heart attack at home and was hospitalized, but made a full recovery. based on dhs regulations, the researcher report this event to the irb? no, this does not need to be reported since the subject had the heart attack when they were home, not at the focus group.no, this does not need to be reported since it is unrelated to participation in the study.no, this does not need to be reported because two weeks have passed.no, this does not need to be reported since the subject recovered.