1. Five year-old Jessie went to a fire station with her kindergarten class. When she got home, Jessie, who is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, eagerly told the story of her adventure to her older brother. A. Describe how each of the following influenced the story she told. Be sure to define and provide an appropriate example of EACH factor.

Egocentrism
Observational Learning
Schema
Reconstructive memory
Framing
B. Her older brother, who is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development, was studying for an AP exam while his sister told the story. Describe how each of the following will influence how he later tells the story to his parents. Be sure to define and provide an appropriate example of EACH factor.

Proactive interference
Serial position effect

See the explanation below.

Explanation:

A. Describe how each of the following influenced the story she told. Be sure to define and provide an appropriate example of EACH factor.

Egocentrism: This can be described as the difficulty of perceiving things from someone else's perspective. Jessie would be able to narrate her experience exclusively from her own perspective and with her own opinions. For example, Jesse may have misjudged the size of the fire station due to her little stature.

Observational Learning: This occurs when you learn by looking at or observing a visual stimulus. Jessie based her account on what she saw or observed at the fire station. Therefore, she is expressing what she had seen, such as the fact that fire fighters wear protective gear.

Schema: This refers to a mental construct that helps you organize and analyze data. During her visit, Jessie devised a firefighter or fire station schema. She may believe that all firefighters must work in fire stations and wear the same uniform. This could be a part of her story.

Reconstructive memory: This can be described as a process of gathering information based on stored knowledge when there is no precise memory representation. If Jessie can't recall a specific portion of what happened during her field trip, she may piece together different aspects and reconstruct, or rebuild, her memory to add or remove details that weren't previously present.

Framing: This refers to the manner in which information is presented, which might influence decision-making. Firefighting is often portrayed as a heroic and dignified profession, prompting Jessie to declare that she, too, wants to be a firefighter when she grows up. If she received a positive presentation, she will acquire a positive attitude toward firemen.

B. Her older brother, who is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development, was studying for an AP exam while his sister told the story. Describe how each of the following will influence how he later tells the story to his parents. Be sure to define and provide an appropriate example of EACH factor.

Proactive interference: This is when you learn a list of facts and an earlier memorized section of the list gets in the way of remembering a later part of the list. Jesse’s older brother would try to explain the last part of his sister's narrative, but he keeps remembering the beginning, obstructing his ability to recall the ending.

The serial position effect: This can be described as the ability to recall the most easily the last and first items in a list. As he is preoccupied with his studies, Jesse’s older brother will most likely just recall the first and last details that his sister shared with him, and will accurately relate that piece with his parents.

a: social security and social programs

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