"You ask whether an expedition against the Turks can be defended and commended by me on biblical grounds. Even supposing the war is undertaken for pious reasons rather than for gain, I
confess that I cannot promise what you ask, but rather the opposite. ... It is foolish to wage
wars in foreign lands, while at home we are losing spiritual battles ...Now that the Roman
Curia is more tyrannical than any Turk... there is no hope of successful war or victory. As far
as I can see, God fights against us; first, we must conquer him with tears, pure prayers, holy
and pure faith."
Martin Luther, letter to the chaplain of an elector of the German states, 1518

answer; deviation iq; //(a)

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)

these are the choices

local priests

european monarchs

common people

bible translators