Jessica is European American and is about to give birth to her first baby. There is no father listed in her hospital paperwork. Based on research about the effects of a father's presence or absence at a birth, Jessica:

In what way was family life impacted by industrialization? a. there was a rise in the middle class. b. there was a decrease in the birth rate. c. women were not allowed to work in factories. d. families relied on farming for food supplies.