Early forms of punishment, including trials by ordeal, branding, whipping, and public execution, were mainly focused on , or punishment for the sake of punishment itself.

texas governor sam houston opposed secession, but was unable to prevent it. in this speech, given prior to lincoln's election, he presents the argument that slavery would be safer within the united states than outside of it. it was a prescient argument, and one held by several other southern leaders.

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answer; nonverbal decoding;

answer; need set;

answer; coal reserves in the u.s are far greater than petroleum reserves;