According to Robert Merton's classifications of reactions to the tensions between socially endorsed values and the limited means of achieving them, people who reject both the existing values and the means of achieving them and work to substitute new ones while reconstructing the social system are called

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the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.