While investigating the complaints, you noticed that several housing units were empty, while the others were clearly overcrowded. Cells designed for two inmates were occupied by three or four. When you asked the warden about this situation, he explained that it was more cost-effective to double-up the inmates. The empty cells did not require monitoring, cleaning, maintenance, and so on. He did not seem concerned that this policy resulted in undue suffering on the part of the inmates. This situation would be classified as: