When we need extra context beyond the denoted meaning in order to understand a message, we engage in . media literacy

no, dan should reduce his discretionary spending. not long-term goals involve more planning than short-term goals do

answer; longitudinal;

i believe the answer is: description

description refers to the goal of psychologist to identify the phenomenon that being observed. this goal is being actualized by collecting data/information from various clues that observed through the phenomenon. this goal must be accomplished before pyschologist able to create methods of treatment.