Bettina, a manager, sends an e-mail warning her subordinate, Noah, of disciplinary action if he continues spending too much time on personal phone calls. However, Noah did not attach too much importance to the e-mail, thinking it was just a passing reminder and that his boss was not all that serious. Why should Bettina have spoken to Noah directly in this situation and avoided the use of e-mail?

Horton automatics and the industrial division of the communications workers of america, the union that represented horton’s workers, negotiated a collective bargaining agreement. if an employee’s discharge for a workplace-rule violation was submitted to arbitration, the agreement limited the arbitrator to determining whether the rule was reasonable and whether the employee had violated it. when horton discharged employee ruben de la garza, the union appealed to arbitration. the arbitrator found that de la garza had violated a reasonable safety rule, but “was not totally convinced” that horton should have treated the violation more seriously than other rule violations. the arbitrator ordered de la garza reinstated. can a court set aside this order