The political entity following the civil war, which took the view of reconstruction that harsh penalties needed to be doled out to former confederates while giving full rights to freedmen, was called

This political group were the "Radical Republicans".

The radical republicans opposed slavery and distrusted ex-confederate states and advocated harsh penalties for them.

United states v.  nixon, 418  u.s.  683 (1974),  was  a landmark  united states supreme court case  that resulted in a unanimous  decision  against president richard  nixon, ordering him to deliver tape recordings  and  other subpoenaed materials to a  federal  district  court.