Occurs when people's subjective confidence in their decision making is greater than their objective accuracy. for example, sara thinks she is a superb writer and editor, but her reports are always filled with typos, grammatical errors, and sentence fragments.

The answer is the overconfidence effect which is a very well documented cognitive bias. Cognitive biases are ways in which our thinking is inclined commonly at a very unconscious level. The overconfidence effect is correlated with another very common bias: conformation bias which is the tendency to only account for information that supports our believes while ignoring the rest of information. To summarize the over confident effect is the tendency to think that our abilities are far greater than they actually are, and we often uses the conformation bias to support this believe even in the face of very dramatic negative evidence.

chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. the final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the educational research institute.