In the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. observational learning insight learning learned learned optimism

The answer is learned helplessness
Learned helplessness tend to be strongly correlated to depression. The feeling of no control toward that stimuli tend to be a massive ilussion that could be easily broken if we start to change our point of view. But most people with learned helplessness already loss all will to fight and tend to fully believe everything in their life willis pointless.

B) hypothesis. its guessing and your guess could be changed quickly based on the information.