A joint stock company was

Popularized in 1600s

*A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions

*These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding

*In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition

*Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company

Explanation:

answer; sutherland-differential association;

answer; the automatic system because it is a "gut reactor"