When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they: are intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated have an internal locus of control have an external locus of control?

They are extrinsically motivated. This refers to behavior that is determined by external payments for instance cash, reputation, marks, and admiration. This type of motivation rises from outside the individual, as contrasting to intrinsic motivation, which instigates inside of the individual.

answer; /// i do believe that the correct answer is (d) cooperative play; /// good luck

classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.