"political assemblies known as jirgas, where tribal leaders make joint decisions by consensus are found among the: "

The political assemblies that are known to be the jigras has tribal leaders in which engage to making joint decisions that are done by consensus and they are found among the P a s h t u n. The P a s h t u n is an iranic ethnic group—in which there people resides and lives in the Afghanistan and Pakistan. They are known to be the people who follows P a s t h u n w a l i. 

no, dan should reduce his discretionary spending. not long-term goals involve more planning than short-term goals do