The technique of altering a theme to give it a different character is often called:

The right answer is thematic transformation.  

Explanation:

This is a musical technique in which a theme, more specifically a leitmotif, is developed by changing the theme using permutation, augmentations, diminution and fragmentation. It is no connected to the original theme, it is independent of it, and it is usually used to show what the characters have in mind, or demonstrate an important change of the idea, announce something as well.  

the minoan civilization flourished in the middle bronze age on the island of crete located in the eastern mediterranean from c. 2000 bce until c. 1500 bce. with their unique art and architecture, and the spread of their ideas through contact with other cultures across the aegean, the minoans made a significant contribution to the development of western european civilization as it is known today. labyrinth-like palace complexes, vivid frescoes depicting scenes such as bull-leaping and processions, fine gold jewelry, elegant stone vases, and pottery with vibrant decorations of marine life are all particular features of minoan crete.  

so basically their unique way of ding arts, as well as architecture.

the correct answer is individualism and exchange. at this stage, children begin to question the rules, because they can see that there is more than one side to them. different individuals have different viewpoints. they won't be able to reach this stage because of ignorance, a lack of ethics or personal biases. that is because people with that characteristiscs are not able to distinguish what is good or what is bad and they can't pursue their individual interests.