Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with:

Substantive criminal law is primarily concerned with:  defining crimes and their punishment.
The substantive criminal law consists of rules, rights and responsibilities, that dictate what a crime is and how punishment for a crime is administered.
This way this law defines and governs how the society members are to behave.

The three sociological perspectives include the beginner’s mind, culture shock, and the sociological imagination

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.