What changes were necessary in earth’s atmosphere to allow complex organisms to evolve?

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?

Which of the following statements about culture and self-esteem is the most accurate? people from western cultures are more likely to say or do things to enhance other people's self-esteem (relative to people from asian cultures). the japanese praise each other for their achievements more often than americans do. people from asian cultures generally feel worse about themselves than people from western cultures. americans utter many more self-complimentary statements during conversations (relative to japanese individuals).

The occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior.