Marketing brands to specific niche groups, such as waitress moms, nascar dads, or late breaking gays, is known as

Circular reasoning.

Explanation:

Circular reasoning is a type of fallacy that consists in justifying the conclusion being defended using the conclusion itself, in slightly different words. In circular reasoning, no useful information is added to support the conclusion. This type of fallacy is common in advertising campaigns that target specific ninchos that use weak terms like waitress moms, nascar dads, or late breaking gays.

the answer would be in this answer. someone already asked the question.  

1. seasonal

2. frictional unenployment

3. the number of the labor force multiplied by 100 and then subtract the number of unemployed.

4. 4%

5. an increase in prices