Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. joseph's reasoning reflects moral reasoning.

The correct answer is post-conventional moral reasoning.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, post-conventional moral reasoning is the highest level of moral development a person can achieve in their lifespan. This type of moral reasoning is based on autonomous judgments based one one's own personal morals and value systems. While people with post-conventional moral reasoning understand and agree with society's laws and values to an extent, they are aware that they are not always the best option depending on the situation at hand. 

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