Chinese artists reinforced national identity during periods of foreign occupation by

By "perpetuating visual symbols of resistance in paintings of nature".

The century of humiliation likewise referred to by some other names, for example, the hundred years of national humiliation, alludes to the time of intercession and dominion by Western powers and Japan in China in the vicinity of 1839 and 1949. The term emerged in 1915, in the environment of rising Chinese patriotism.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.

answer; black& white dialogue;