What are the basic words I have to know to learn Japanese?

Why did thales choose water as the "primeval stuff", what us this "primeval stuff"

Hello, i need you to me my teacher sent me a letter to the reader and in the letter i have to put in. why do i want to get 3 points? and he said that of the 4 arguments choose one and that with that argument write the letter these are the arguments: addition: also that, even that, too. comparison: more than, less than, as much as. opposition: but, however. security: without a doubt, of course. those are the 4 arguments and i have to choose just one, i need it it's very urgent you it's about language and literature

Of all the attributes essential to a respected man or woman or to a respected nation, the predominant characteristic is self-discipline. laws cannot be made compelling people to suppress their desire for power or position. no method of legislating such wisdom exists. as free people, we must face a choice between two types of discipline. one is the self-discipline that is still open to us—the kind that free people and free nations exercise when they select the executives, lawmakers, and judges who will govern them and assure their protection and well-being. the second is a cold-blooded, ill-intentioned, form of discipline that may be thrust upon us by strangers—the discipline of force, terrorism, suspicion, and intimidation—the discipline used in totalitarian regimes.does every sentence following the first in some way support the theme?