What has led scientists to believe that echinoderms are more closely related to humans and other vertebrates than to cnidarians?

Which kingdom includes some organisms that have no nucleus and can live in an environment with an extremely high salt content

What type of appendages do sponges cnidarians roundworms annelids mollusks arthropods echinoderms and vertebrate have? jointed, not jointed, absent  

(me out over the last several centuries, scientists have made the following broad observations while investigating several branches of the life sciences: -the fossil record shows that different types of organisms have existed at different times in earth's history. -many organisms have similar body structures that seem to be adapted to different ways of living in their environment. -organisms of different species often share similarities in stages of embryonic development. -many species share genetic similarities, and almost all organisms use the same basic building blocks to construct proteins. -often, the extent of two species' similarities can be predicted from their geographic closeness to each other. -a great deal of change has been observed among species that have experienced strong selective pressures through many generations. scientists have carefully considered and rigorously tested the observations listed above. when scientists offer a of these observations, they are making 1.) testable explanation, deductive explanation 2.) scientific interference, scientific law