Analyze how meiosis produces haploid gametes

Meiosis, also called reduction division, is cell division necessary for the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs). In this type of division, diploid cell (with two sets of chromosomes) forms haploid cells (with a single set of chromosomes). The haploid number is produced during the meiosis I (anaphase I)  when homologues pairs, not individual chromosomes, separate.

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces haploid gametes.   This process has two stages and will end up with four daughter cells containing half of the original amount of genetic information.  

Prior to meiosis DNA replication occurs which results into each chromosome containing two sister chromatids, identical to the original.

During meiosis I, these pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other and end up into two daughter cells. Furthermore, during this phase homologous chromosomes exchange fragments of DNA in a process known as crossing over.

In meiosis II no DNA replication occurs. The two sister chromatids of each homologue chromosome are separated into two haploid daughter cells with non-duplicated chromosomes. As two daughter cells result from meiosis I, at the end of meiosis II, four daughter cells will result from the original mother cell.  

fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

explanation:

an organism's phenotype is the  form of a trait  that it  displays. for  flowercolor, a pea  plant  can  display  a phenotype of purple or white flowers. an organism's  genotype  is the alleles of a gene it contains. based on his data, mendel concluded that a phenotype can be  determined  by more than one  genotype.