Linnaeus' concept of kinds differed from ours today in holding that:
o a kind may be a species, genus, or family
o a kind is a genus
o variation may exist within a kind
o variation does not exist within a kind

the elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. these are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.

the principles of art and design are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity/variety.

colors do exist. the color of the sky is actually violet; humans percieve the color of the sky as blue.