Suppose that gene x is induced in e. coli cells when they are treated with high levels of ethanol. a mutation in region 1 in the upstream region of gene x results in high-level expression under basal conditions, and a mutation in region 2 results in an uninducible gene. what would you expect from a strain in which both regions 1 and 2 are mutated?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Amines amides and amino acids are categories of

Why has two different alleles for the same trait?