Which activity would be considered pharming?

a. using expression vectors to modulate the expression of a gene that codes for an enzyme in the liver of a cow in order to increase milk yield
b. using crispr technology to induce specific mutations in a gene in potatoes in order to infer its function
c. using crispr technology to knock out expression of a gene in order to make a more cold-resistant variety of wheat
d. using microarrays to infer how genome-wide patterns of gene expression vary between different varieties of asparagus
e. using recombinant dna technology to produce mass quantities of an antibiotic in cows