The trophic facilitation phenomenon described by Hacker and colleagues involves direct interactions between two salt marsh plant species (Juncus and Iva) in the form of , with indirect effects benefiting a(n) of one of the plants

commensalism and  herbivore

Explanation:

To be able to grasp the concept of the answer, let us discuss a bit on what commensalism; herbivore is.

Commensalism as a word is basically biological phrase in which during the relationship between  creatures of different species or the same specie( for instance, lets say we have Specie A and Specie B).

It is a situation whereby members of specie A get benefits of the the relationship between the two species while specie B does not get any benefit from the relationship neither is it harmed by virtue of the relationship.

Herbivore: This can be classifies as animal category that specializes in the consumption of plants, roots and herb. Basically, plant makes up the majority of their diet.

Now, relating this definitions to the question asked, we can clearly see that The trophic facilitation phenomenon described by Hacker and colleagues involves direct interactions between two salt marsh plant species (Juncus and Iva) in the form of  commensalism with indirect effects benefiting an   herbivore of one of the plants

a. commensalism; parasite

B. commensalism; herbivore

C. commensalism; competitor

D. competition; parasite

The correct answer is B. commensalism; herbivore

Explanation:

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between any two species of plants, animal , fungus etc, where one species benefit from such relationship while the other is neither harmed nor benefits.

Hacker and collegues concluded that presence of a  positive interaction between Juncus and Iva, results in the survival of herbivore such as aphide.

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