How would more secondary consumers affect the biomass of the higher trophic levels?

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

Jason adds the antibiotic penicillin to a bacterial culture. the bacteria develop genetic modifications in their genome, which gives them resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. what caused this genetic modification?

Apuppy’s tendency to chew is inherited through which of the following? a. through learned behavior b.through genes c. through seasonal cycles d. through hibernation