4.
describes the average conditions of our atmosphere over a long period
of time.

climate

Explanation: weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and CLIMATE is how the atmosphere “behaves” over relatively long periods of time.

D.release of water from the vacuoles

Amutation is basically the change in the gene, caused by alteration of single based units in the dna, or the genes or chromosomes were rearranged in the dna