A population has 1000 individuals. A PCR analysis of the genotypes of a gene associated with Lactase persistence are: LL = 450 Ll = 250 ll = 300. What are the allelic frequencies of the L and l alleles?

L allele: 0.575 (or 57.5%)

l allele: 0.425 (or 42.5 %)

Explanation:

Homo-zygous individuals have two copies of the same allele (i.e., either L alelle or l allele), while heterozygous individuals carry both alleles at a time (i.e., one L allele and one l allele). In consequence:

- Frequency of the L allele: [(450 x 2) + 250] / 2000 = 0.575

- Frequency of the l allele: [(300 x 2) + 250] / 2000 = 0.425

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

acceleration = 18/3 = 6 m/s per second.

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-lavira: )