The percentage of crossing-over between 4 linked genes (K, L, M, N) are below. Put them in the correct sequence. Between M and N: 8%

Between K and N: 5%

Between K and L: 16 %

Between N and L: 11%

Between M and L: 19%

NL=8, JK=2, KL=2, LM=2

Explanation:

K is between J and M

JM=JK+KM

JM=KL+KM

JM=2+4

JM=6

The length of JM is 6 units.

From the figure it is clear that

MN=JN-JM

MN=14-6

MN=8

From the figure it is clear that

NL=ML+MN

NL=2+8

NL=10

fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

explanation:

a few examples of ethical concerns involving genetically engineering of humans include

-privacy of genetically tested people

- potential side effects

-long term effects