1. Cataracts and polydactyly are determined by dominant genes located in the same chromosome at a distance of 20% crossing-over. A woman with a cataract
and polydactyly marries a man who does not have these diseases. It is known that the
mother of the woman did not have these diseases too. What is the probability of
having a child without anomalies from this marriage?

answer; the above statement is (true);

for 8 am not sure maybe yes?

for 9 if it is asking if the male is more or less it would be less

hope i even just a little : )

d. planting trees

the trees take in carbon to make oxygen.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).